Portfolio piece: This is an enhanced presentation of my journalism. The original article was published at BBC News Brasil / Revista Piauí. Content is reproduced for portfolio purposes. Peça de portfólio: Esta é uma apresentação aprimorada do meu jornalismo. O artigo original foi publicado na BBC News Brasil / Revista Piauí. O conteúdo é reproduzido para fins de portfólio.
Language

Environmental Crime

Crime Ambiental

A park at the heart of pau-brasil smuggling

Exclusive documents reveal illegal wood trafficking from Brazil's protected national park destined for international violin bow markets

Fernanda Santana & Luiz Fernando Toledo April 2023

Whoever arrives at Pau Brasil National Park (PNPB), in Porto Seguro, in southern Bahia, is invited to learn about the history of the wood that gives the country its name. The visitor center tells, through panels, the history of pau-brasil cycles, from its use as a fabric dye during Portuguese colonization, to the making of violin bows from the 19th century onwards. One of those murals informs that great symphonic orchestras use pau-brasil to make violin bows. The caption does not say that the bow on display is not made of the tree that is the symbol of the country, nor that park employees frequently need to curb the actions of criminals who are part of an illegal scheme that supplies the noble market of archetry — the art of making these bows.

Pau-brasil has been threatened with extinction since 1992. Any extraction of this wood without authorization is a crime. Piauí magazine, in partnership with the Fiquem Sabendo data agency, obtained exclusive expert reports and documents from the Federal Police (PF) and the US Fish and Wildlife Service. The documents reveal details of the wood trafficking scheme investigation and, for the first time, attest that part of the raw material found with bow manufacturers and businessmen illegally left the park nestled in the Coast of Discovery, a UNESCO world heritage site and home to Atlantic Forest species.

Violin on display at PNPB visitor center

Violin on display at PNPB headquarters. The violin bow is usually produced with the heartwood of the tree. | Photo by Joana Moncau

Inside the park

About 20 meters from the space open to tourists, Piauí found, in April of that year, a place closed to visitors: an open-air depot of felled trees, including pau-brasil logs. Before they could supply illegal markets, they were intercepted by environmental inspectors working in the park, an area of 19,000 hectares under the responsibility of the Chico Mendes Biodiversity Conservation Institute (ICMBio), an agency linked to the Ministry of Environment.

The depot is a memory, albeit partial, of the advance of wood smugglers on a federally protected area. According to ICMBio, the logs will be used to build bridges and lookouts within the park. Created as a conservation unit in 1999, Pau Brasil National Park is surrounded by seven districts. In the neighborhood, there are still Arraial D'Ajuda and Trancoso, two points of luxury tourism in Brazil. It is residents of poorer communities, such as Vale Verde and Coqueiro Alto, not yet incorporated into the logic of tourism, who participate more actively in the park's wood extraction network, disputed by rival criminal groups.

"This entire illegal economic circuit is very profitable. They are people who end up seeing pau-brasil as an opportunity for easy money."

Environmental analyst Fábio Faraco, former ICMBio chief at the park

According to environmental analyst Fábio Faraco, former ICMBio chief at the park, a person can earn, from one or two nights of work with illegal cutting, up to 500 reals, equivalent to almost half a minimum wage. He headed the conservation unit until 2019. At night, the sound of chainsaws, turned on to fell trees in the park, reaches the home of a 25-year-old rural producer, a resident of the rural area of Vale Verde, 2 km away. The conservation unit and the rural community are connected by four dirt roads.

In February of that year, when passing through one of them, around 8 p.m., the farmer (whose name will be kept confidential for security reasons) came face to face with two men on a truck and a motorcycle, heading to the park. One of them told him: "We're going to leave loaded." Loaded with pau-brasil.

A complex operation

Since the beginning of this year, ICMBio has been investigating new reports of tree felling within the park. Between January and March, six bonfires were found inside the unit, traces of the presence of wood thieves and hunters. Trees of all kinds are targeted by smugglers, but the most coveted target is pau-brasil, a noble wood with high resistance that does not rot or is attacked by insects — which is why it is considered ideal for violin bows.

Within the park, tree felling typically takes two nights, one for cutting and another for loading the wood. The scheme can involve at least five people: two to fell the trees, two to keep watch, and a driver who transports the wood logs to rural properties or illegal carpentry shops in the region. Before that, the trunks are cut into pieces, which makes it difficult to identify the species and facilitates transportation.

Since at least 2016, teams from the Federal Police, Ibama, and ICMBio have been carrying out operations to try to break the illegal cycle of pau-brasil removal from the park. In July of that year, an internal report prepared by the then park managers had already identified three gangs of criminals, each made up of seven people. That same month, before the document was drawn up, Diego Lopes de Oliveira, 36, a former firefighter at the park, was found by military police with twenty logs of pau-brasil and arrested for environmental crime and criminal association.

Illegal wood depot at the park

Illegal wood found during inspections at Pau Brasil National Park | Photo by Joana Moncau

A pyramid of crime

"Peons" like Oliveira, who cut wood inside the park, are the base of the pau-brasil smuggling pyramid. In the middle is the artisan who receives the wood without legal origin. At the top, businessmen who export the product, with profit similar to cocaine trafficking. A wooden stick from the raw material used to make the bow can cost from 20 to 40 reals, according to Federal Police. In a store abroad, some bow models can cost more than 20,000 reals.

Raw material

R$ 20-40

Per wooden stick

Retail price

R$ 20k+

Violin bow in stores

Since 2021, Federal Police and Ibama have been investigating the scheme in the so-called Operation Ibirapitanga, which last year alone carried out 37 search and seizure warrants — three of them in southern Bahia. The businessmen accused of using illegally obtained wood have always claimed that the raw material for producing the bows came from their own plantations or donations from older, authorized extractions, within the law.

What the documents obtained by Piauí show, however, is that a considerable part of the wood leaves the park in Bahia. Federal Police experts studied the anatomical composition of wood samples from the park and other samples seized at properties and yards of those investigated in the operation. The technical reports, finalized in December, pointed out that most of the seized samples "corresponds to those of reference origin from Pau Brasil National Park, of natural origin".

"Five years is impossible to make a bow; in thirty years, bows are produced. It's like whiskey. An eight-year-old won't be the same as a thirty-year-old."

Daniel Piotto, forest engineer and Yale University doctoral graduate

Wood samples and analysis

Technical forensic analysis of wood samples from the investigation | Photo by Joana Moncau

The hypothesis that the wood used by the investigated violin bow manufacturers is extracted from centuries-old trees is corroborated by the characteristics of pau-brasil necessary to make a bow, which require more mature trees. After extraction, the species takes a minimum of two years to dry and be handled. A violin bow is usually produced with the heartwood of the tree. The heartwood is a softer part, like marrow. It takes time to develop.

Violence and power struggles

In addition to illegal wood extraction, other environmental crimes, such as hunting, illegal sand extraction, and invasion and occupation of areas without authorization, are frequently suppressed in the park. In the last decade, at least fifty violations have been recorded by ICMBio within the park, according to data obtained through the Information Access Law by the Fiquem Sabendo agency. Anyone who frequents the conservation unit is used to seeing the traces left by offenders. "We've seen hunters at six in the morning. We've seen guns," says advertising professional Daniel Silva, who counted twenty felled pau-brasil trunks on the ground in the park while cycling through one of the six trails there in 2021.

Another challenge for ICMBio is the permanence, inside and around the park, of various private areas that have not been expropriated. The creation of the conservation unit, more than two decades ago, and its expansion in 2010 faced resistance from medium and large landowners who wanted to keep possession of their farms. Almost half of the park's area (46%) is still not regularized, according to ICMBio. The institution has adopted a strategy to increase this share: if a person or company needs to regulate another area within the same biome, they can, as compensation, buy land inside the park and donate it to the State. To this day, there are plots of land inside the park fenced with gates and padlocks, beyond the reach of authorities.

Park landscape and private property

The landscape of Pau Brasil National Park showing the intersection of protected and private areas | Photo by Joana Moncau

An example of this conflict between public and private happened in 2021. On September 27, ICMBio employees sent a request for help to the Federal Police. In the document, they requested "institutional support and protection," reporting that in the week following an inspection that caught illegal wood extraction on a private farm with access to the park from the back, they were informed of the murder of the property manager. The body was found outside the park, in the rural area of Queimado, a district neighboring the unit. The crime is being investigated by the Territorial Police Department of Arraial D'Ajuda, but the police inquiry has not yet been completed and it is not known whether there is any connection to the inspection.

Eight days before the manager was found dead, ICMBio found 26 trails linking the property to wood extraction areas inside the conservation unit. On the property, 36 cubic meters of native wood were found, mainly Paraju and Pequi, extracted illegally and used to decorate the ceilings of luxurious houses, according to authorities. The violation resulted in a fine of 58,000 reals.

The scope of the investigation

Search warrants (2022)
37
Operations since 2016
50+
Arcs exported (2018-2021)
1,502
Park violations (decade)
50+

Price markups in the supply chain

Extraction
R$20-40
Manufacturing
R$800-2k
Retail sale
R$20k+