Portfolio presentation of published journalism. Original article: UOL
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Investigation

Indigenous artifacts sold illegally online

Objetos indígenas são vendidos ilegalmente na internet

Poor enforcement allows protected headdresses and feathered items to trade freely on social media and e-commerce platforms

Luiz Fernando Toledo UOL / Collaboration from London 31 July 2024 | 31 de julho de 2024

Indigenous objects produced with feathers from wild animals, whose purchase, sale and even possession are prohibited in Brazil, are sold freely on the internet. Finding these ads is not a challenge: simply search for "indigenous headdress" and "macaw feather" to reach social media like Facebook and Instagram and e-commerce sites like Mercado Livre and Enjoei.

Indigenous headdress for sale

Finding evidence of illegal trade

UOL identified that at least 21 of them sell or have sold indigenous headdresses with natural feathers. On Litoral Paulista Leilões, more than a hundred headdresses were auctioned with values between R$ 850 and R$ 7,800 each.

Via WhatsApp, an attendant from the auction company told the reporting team that the pieces are made with dyed feathers and not from wild animals, but refused to provide documentation of the origin of the auctioned material.

"That's company private information and it can't be released that way to just anyone who requests," the attendant said.

"You have cocares of Brazilian ethnic groups commercialized for 80 thousand euros, bought here in Brazil for R$ 200, R$ 300."

Dener Giovanini, Renctas

UOL showed the images of the pieces to professor and biologist Luís Fábio Silveira, curator of the bird section and vice-director of the Zoology Museum at USP (University of São Paulo). In one headdress he identified at least three species of macaws. "There is no evidence whatsoever of color or shape alteration of the feathers."

Litoral Paulista rebuffed the USP professor's statement, saying that "it's hardly possible for someone to confirm something from just a photo" and that it has been in the market for over 10 years.

Blue macaw headdress

A complaint that went nowhere

A dossier produced by Renctas (National Network to Combat Wildlife Trafficking), reporting more than a hundred cases with vendor names and advertisement links, was delivered to Ibama in June 2023.

"Until today we have not received any feedback," said Dener Giovanini, Renctas general coordinator.

Ibama denied access to the process to the reporting team in a request made through the Law of Access to Information, but admitted that no enforcement was carried out.

Headdress detail

What the platforms say

Mercado Livre reported that it removed ads cited by the reporting team after a notification made by Ibama. "We work tirelessly to combat the misuse of your platform, through the adoption of technology and teams that also conduct manual searches," the company said in a statement.

Enjoei said it was not approached by Ibama, but prohibits advertisements involving contraband of products with animal parts.

Meta, owner of Facebook and Instagram, stated in a statement that it prohibits content that promotes the purchase or sale of endangered animals and derived products. None of the links from the Renctas complaint, however, were removed, nor was a link to an Instagram page stating that the headdresses sold there are made with feathers from wild animals, including macaws, hawks and parrots.

Marketplace listing

Prohibited sale

The Brazilian Constitution and the Indian Statute allow indigenous people to use parts of wild animals in objects for cultural purposes, but the law states that no one, not even indigenous people themselves, can commercialize them.

Even when indigenous people practice commerce, they do not receive the largest share of profit, which in most cases goes to smugglers.

Two laws address the issue: the Wildlife Protection Law from 1967, which prohibits commerce in wild fauna specimens and products that involve their hunting, and the Environmental Crimes Law from 1998. However, enforcement of these laws is still in its infancy.

A survey sent to the reporting team by Ibama itself shows that, as of June, six infraction notices were registered in 2024; in the previous year there were 20. Almost all were against individuals, against indigenous people themselves or small artisans. Only one fine was against a company—a hotel in Espírito Santo. Fines ranged from R$ 500 to R$ 85,000.

"The activity continues to exist, in a more technological manner and with fewer intermediaries."

Cristiano Nascimento dos Santos, Federal Police
6
Infraction notices in 2024 (through June)
20
Notices in 2023
21+
Platforms selling headdresses
International sales

'village headdress'

The pieces are also sold abroad. The reporting team found advertisements for "kayapó headdress" made with wild animal feathers on the Etsy and 1stDibs websites. One of the pieces cost more than R$ 250,000.

1stDibs stated in a note sent to the reporting team that it "does not believe that the pieces violate Brazilian laws due to the documentation provided by the seller." The company refused to provide a copy of such documentation, citing customer privacy.

After contact, the advertisement was updated and included information that the feathers would have been obtained in France legally, although it maintains in the title that the headdress is in the kayapó style, a Brazilian ethnic group. Etsy did not respond to the email sent.

State role

How the state created demand

Enforcing the law in Brazil is a challenge, since the state itself stimulated this market. Funai, created in 1967, sold indigenous artifacts in stores in several cities across the country until 2004.

A study conducted by the foundation in 2006 admitted that the agency may have been partially responsible for making indigenous featherwork an object of speculation in the international market.

Some of the advertisements found in auctions and websites state that the origin of the pieces is Funai itself. Another challenge is concern about harming indigenous populations, who depend on handicraft commerce for their own subsistence.

The sale of pieces with wild animal feathers by Funai only formally ended when the Federal Police launched Operation Pindorama in 2021, which seized objects and arrested agency employees in Brasília. The investigations showed that a North American was ordering animal parts via fax, including individual feathers, with support from agency staff. The Federal Police delegate who conducted the case, Jorge Pontes, said that the handicraft was a "mere facade for wildlife trafficking and animal slaughter."

"They [Ibama] should be monitoring non-indigenous people instead."

Indigenous artisan, Alagoas
Operation detail

The reporting team spoke with three indigenous traders from communities located in Alagoas and Bahia, who say they depend on sales. "It's just another way for them to want to erase us. On top of everything they've already taken from us," said one of them, considering the prohibition on commerce a lack of respect. Another indigenous trader revealed that the most common customers are architects and people who work with interior design.